Points To Remember When you Purchase Solar Panels

Fundamental amenities of every day life, today, comprise of electricity also along with food, shelter, and clothing. Life today is unimaginable without electricity or power. This is something that accompanies us the whole day and our entire life for that matter. Because of becoming the primary source of energy and therefore is awfully expensive. You are able to buy solar panel as an option.

One of the ways that could help reduce utility bills is really a solar panel. The solar panel makes use of solar energy to supply electricity. It's much less expensive when compared to the conventional electricity supply. In a solar panel, a collection of photovoltaic cells is tied together having a wire. This really is further backed by some sort of support and then is installed in households.

Before you purchase solar panel, there are several important points that are to become kept in thoughts. The initial point would be to obtain feedback from family members or friends who have already installed them in their houses. Their experience may help as a word of caution regarding any possible problems. This way such problems could be handled or avoided.

Product guarantee is one more important element that is to become kept in mind when preparing to purchase solar panels. Usually, all well known producers give 25 years of minimum item warranty which translates towards the truth that the merchandise is long lasting and the provider is trustworthy.

It is not good to be guided by inexpensive prices of solar panels. Extremely low priced panels will obviously be of poorer high quality and hence may not be that efficient. High quality, in case of any product, doesn't come inexpensive. It's appropriate to believed how the end-product is going to be equal towards the quantity paid. If the cost of the gear is much less, then undoubtedly the effectiveness of the merchandise will also match the cost of the merchandise.

It is usually a smart idea to compare prices and obtain several quotes from a couple of sellers prior to actually buying the product. However, difference in price is not the major concern when obtaining quotes because, occasionally it may so happen that, lower priced solar panels might be created up of poor high quality components and hence may result in huge maintenance costs or repair costs in the future.

One last word of caution isn't to get carried away through the words of salesmen trying to persuade you too much and putting higher quantity of pressure in purchasing the merchandise.

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Hydrogen Fuel Cells

A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen and oxygen to create electricity. Fuel cells are more efficient than combustion engines and the hydrogen used to power them can come from a variety of sources. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, fuel cells emit only heat and water, eliminating air pollutants or greenhouse gases.

Fuel Cell Stack
One of the more common types of fuel cell is the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The PEM fuel cell consists of an electrolyte membrane sandwiched between an anode and a cathode.

PEM
The PEM is a thin, solid, organic compound, typically the consistency of plastic wrap and about as thick as 2-7 sheets of paper. This membrane functions as an electrolyte: a substance that conducts charged ions (in this case protons), but does not conduct electrons. This allows the solution to conduct electricity. This membrane must be kept moist to conduct particles through it.


Anode
The anode is the electrode at which oxidation (loss of electrons) takes place. In a fuel cell, the anode is electrically negative.

Cathode
The cathode is the electrode at which reduction (gaining of electrons) takes place. In fuel cell, the cathode is electrically positive.

Flow Plates
Flow plates perform several important functions:

1. They channel hydrogen and oxygen to the electrodes,
2. They channel water and heat away from the fuel cell, and
3. They conduct electrons from the anode to the electrical circuit and from the circuit back to the cathode.

The Chemical Process

Hydrogen fuel (H2) is channeled to the anode, where the catalyst separates the hydrogen’s negatively charged electrons from the positive protons.

The membrane allows the positively charged protons to pass through to the cathode, but not the negatively charged electrons.

The negatively charged electrons must flow around the membrane through an external circuit. This flow of electrons forms an electrical current.

At the cathode, the negatively charged electrons and positively charged hydrogen ions (protons) combine with oxygen to form water (H2O) and heat.

Fuel Cell
The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors, including fuel cell type, cell size, temperature at which it operates, and pressure at which the gases are supplied to the cell. A single fuel cell produces less than 1.16 volts – barely enough to run the smallest applications.

Fuel Cell Stacks
To increase the amount of electricity generated, individual fuel cells are combined in series, into a fuel cell “stack.” A typical fuel cell stack may consist of hundreds of fuel cells.

Other types of fuel cells:

Source:   http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fcv_PEM.shtml


Resources:

Search Amazon.com for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane

1. Fuel Cell Fundamentals
2. Designing and Building Fuel Cells
3. RCi 2151AS Aluminum Fuel Cell With Sending Unit, Natural Aluminum Color, 15 Gallon, 18L x 20W x 10H
4. Designing and Building Fuel Cells 
5. Fuel Cell Systems Explained (Second Edition)
6. Horizon Fuel Cell PEM Fuel Cell; Reversible; Functions as an electrolyzer and a fuel cell